Biology (NEET)
UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World
Characteristics of living organisms
Biodiversity and its importance
Need for biological classification
Taxonomy and systematics
Concept of species
Taxonomical hierarchy
Binomial nomenclature
Five kingdom classification
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Lichens
Viruses and viroids
Classification of plant kingdom
Algae
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms (overview)
Classification of animal kingdom
Non-chordates (phyla level)
Chordates (class level)
UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of flowering plants
Root and its modifications
Stem and its modifications
Leaf and its modifications
Inflorescence (racemose and cymose)
Flower structure
Fruit and seed
Anatomy of flowering plants
Animal tissues
Digestive system of frog
Circulatory system of frog
Respiratory system of frog
Nervous system of frog
Reproductive system of frog
UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function
Cell theory
Cell as basic unit of life
Prokaryotic cell structure
Eukaryotic cell structure
Plant cell
Animal cell
Cell envelope
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Plastids
Microbodies
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and flagella
Centrioles
Nucleus
Biomolecules
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Enzymes
Enzyme action
Cell cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Significance of cell division
UNIT 4: Plant Physiology
Photosynthesis as autotrophic nutrition
Site of photosynthesis
Photosynthetic pigments
Light reaction
Dark reaction
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
Photorespiration
C3 pathway
C4 pathway
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Respiration in plants
Glycolysis
Fermentation
TCA cycle
Electron transport system
ATP yield
Amphibolic pathways
Respiratory quotient
Plant growth
Seed germination
Phases of plant growth
Growth rate
Plant growth regulators
Auxins
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
UNIT 5: Human Physiology
Breathing and respiration
Respiratory organs in animals
Human respiratory system
Mechanism of breathing
Exchange of gases
Transport of gases
Regulation of respiration
Respiratory volumes
Respiratory disorders
Body fluids
Blood composition
Blood groups
Coagulation of blood
Lymph and its function
Human circulatory system
Structure of human heart
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
ECG
Double circulation
Regulation of cardiac activity
Circulatory disorders
Excretion
Modes of excretion
Human excretory system
Urine formation
Osmoregulation
Regulation of kidney function
Excretory disorders
Dialysis and artificial kidney
Locomotion and movement
Types of movement
Skeletal muscle
Muscle contraction
Skeletal system
Joints
Muscular and skeletal disorders
Neural control and coordination
Neuron structure
Nervous system in humans
Nerve impulse conduction
Chemical coordination
Endocrine glands
Human endocrine system
Hormone action
Endocrine disorders
UNIT 6: Reproduction
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Flower structure
Male gametophyte development
Female gametophyte development
Pollination
Outbreeding devices
Pollen-pistil interaction
Double fertilization
Endosperm development
Embryo development
Seed development
Fruit formation
Apomixis
Parthenocarpy
Polyembryony
Human reproduction
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
Gametogenesis
Menstrual cycle
Fertilisation
Embryonic development
Implantation
Pregnancy
Placenta
Parturition
Lactation
Reproductive health
Sexually transmitted diseases
Birth control methods
Medical termination of pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Infertility
Assisted reproductive technologies
UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution
Heredity and variation
Mendel’s laws of inheritance
Deviations from Mendelism
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Multiple alleles
Polygenic inheritance
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Sex determination
Linkage and crossing over
Sex-linked inheritance
Mendelian disorders
Chromosomal disorders
Molecular basis of inheritance
DNA as genetic material
Structure of DNA
Structure of RNA
DNA replication
Transcription
Genetic code
Translation
Gene regulation (lac operon)
Human genome project
DNA fingerprinting
Evolution
Origin of life
Evidences of evolution
Darwinism
Modern synthetic theory
Natural selection
Hardy-Weinberg principle
Adaptive radiation
Human evolution
UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare
Health and disease
Pathogens
Parasitic diseases
Immunity
Vaccines
Cancer
HIV and AIDS
Adolescence
Drug abuse
Alcohol abuse
Tobacco abuse
Microbes in household products
Microbes in industrial products
Microbes in sewage treatment
Microbes as biocontrol agents
Microbes as biofertilizers
UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Principles of biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Biotechnology in health
Insulin production
Vaccine production
Gene therapy
Genetically modified crops
Transgenic animals
Biosafety issues
Biopiracy
Patents
UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment
Organisms and environment
Population interactions
Mutualism
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Population attributes
Population growth
Ecosystem structure
Productivity
Decomposition
Energy flow
Ecological pyramids
Biodiversity
Biodiversity patterns
Biodiversity conservation
Loss of biodiversity
Biodiversity hotspots
Endangered species
Extinction
Red Data Book
Biosphere reserves
National parks
Wildlife sanctuaries
Sacred groves
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