UPSC_CSE_GS_PAPER_II_DETAILED.md
Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice & International Relations
1. Indian Constitution: Historical Background, Features, Amendments
Historical Background
Company rule and early administration
Regulating Act of 1773
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
Charter Acts (1813, 1833, 1853)
Government of India Act 1858
Indian Councils Acts (1861, 1892, 1909)
Government of India Act 1919
Government of India Act 1935
Indian Independence Act 1947
Making of the Constitution
Constituent Assembly formation
Composition of the Constituent Assembly
Committees of the Constituent Assembly
Drafting Committee
Sources of the Constitution
Philosophy and objectives
Salient Features
Written constitution
Length and detail
Federal system with unitary bias
Parliamentary form of government
Separation of powers
Judicial review
Fundamental rights
Directive principles
Independent judiciary
Amendments
Amendment procedure
Types of amendments
Significant constitutional amendments
Basic structure doctrine
2. Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States
Federal Structure
Division of powers
Union list
State list
Concurrent list
Residuary powers
Centre–State Relations
Legislative relations
Administrative relations
Financial relations
Inter-State Relations
Inter-State Council
River water disputes
Inter-state trade and commerce
3. Separation of Powers and Institutions
Legislature
Parliament
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha
Law-making process
Parliamentary privileges
Parliamentary committees
Executive
President
Vice-President
Prime Minister
Council of Ministers
Cabinet system
Judiciary
Supreme Court
High Courts
Subordinate courts
Judicial review
Judicial activism
Judicial accountability
4. Comparison of Constitutional Schemes
India and Other Countries
Indian Constitution and British Constitution
Indian Constitution and US Constitution
Indian Constitution and other democracies
5. Government Policies and Interventions
Policy Formulation
Role of executive
Role of legislature
Role of bureaucracy
Role of experts and committees
Policy Implementation
Administrative machinery
Centre–State coordination
Monitoring and evaluation
Development Programs
Poverty alleviation programs
Employment generation programs
Food security programs
Health programs
Education programs
6. Governance
Good Governance
Concept of good governance
Transparency
Accountability
Responsiveness
Participation
Rule of law
E-Governance
Digital governance
Online service delivery
Digital inclusion
Challenges of e-governance
Role of Civil Services
Policy advice
Implementation
Service delivery
Ethical governance
7. Role of NGOs, SHGs and Civil Society
NGOs
Role in development
Service delivery
Advocacy
Self-Help Groups
Financial inclusion
Women empowerment
Livelihood support
Civil Society
Pressure groups
Social movements
Public opinion
8. Social Justice
Welfare Schemes
Schemes for vulnerable sections
Schemes for women
Schemes for children
Schemes for elderly
Schemes for disabled
Issues Relating to Poverty and Hunger
Poverty measurement
Food security
Nutrition challenges
Health
Public health system
Healthcare access
Health financing
Preventive and curative care
Education
Universal education
Quality of education
Higher education issues
Skill development
9. Issues Relating to Vulnerable Sections
Women
Gender inequality
Women safety
Women empowerment
Children
Child labour
Child nutrition
Child protection
Elderly
Social security
Healthcare
Ageing population
Disabled
Rights of persons with disabilities
Inclusion
Accessibility
10. Human Rights
Human Rights Framework
Concept of human rights
International human rights instruments
National human rights institutions
Issues
Human rights violations
Rights of minorities
Rights of marginalized groups
11. India and Its Neighbourhood Relations
South Asia
India–Pakistan relations
India–China relations
India–Nepal relations
India–Bangladesh relations
India–Sri Lanka relations
India–Bhutan relations
India–Myanmar relations
India–Afghanistan relations
Regional Groupings
SAARC
BIMSTEC
12. International Relations
Global Groupings
United Nations
G20
BRICS
SCO
ASEAN
QUAD
India and Major Powers
India–USA relations
India–Russia relations
India–China relations
India–EU relations
India–Japan relations
13. International Institutions
United Nations System
General Assembly
Security Council
ECOSOC
ICJ
Financial Institutions
IMF
World Bank
WTO
14. Global Issues
Globalization
Economic globalization
Political globalization
Cultural globalization
Climate Change
Global climate negotiations
India’s commitments
Security Issues
Terrorism
Cyber security
Maritime security
15. Contemporary Challenges
Democratic Governance
Institutional decline
Accountability deficit
Federal Challenges
Centre–State tensions
Fiscal federalism
Policy Challenges
Implementation gaps
Capacity constraints
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