Paper I
UPSC_CSE_OPTIONAL_PUBLIC_ADMINISTRATION_PAPER_I.md
1. Introduction
Meaning, Scope and Significance
Meaning and definition of Public Administration
Nature of Public Administration
Scope of Public Administration
Significance of Public Administration
Public Administration as an activity
Public Administration as a discipline
Public and Private Administration
Differences between public and private administration
Similarities between public and private administration
Changing boundaries between public and private sectors
Evolution of Public Administration
Ancient administration
Medieval administration
Modern administration
Growth of Public Administration as a discipline
2. Administrative Thought
Classical Theories
Scientific Management
Taylor’s principles of scientific management
Techniques of scientific management
Criticism of scientific management
Administrative Management Theory
Henri Fayol’s principles of management
POSDCORB
Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick
Bureaucratic Theory
Max Weber’s ideal type bureaucracy
Features of bureaucracy
Criticism of Weberian bureaucracy
Neo-Classical Theories
Human Relations Theory
Hawthorne experiments
Role of informal organization
Criticism of human relations theory
Behavioural Approach
Behaviouralism in administration
Decision-making approach
Bounded rationality
Modern Theories
Systems Approach
Organization as a system
Inputs, outputs, feedback
Open and closed systems
Structural–Functional Approach
Structure and functions
Role of institutions
Ecological Approach
Ecology of administration
Fred W. Riggs’ models
Prismatic society
New Public Administration
Origins of New Public Administration
Minnowbrook Conference
Features and critiques
New Public Management
Concept of New Public Management
Market-based administration
Criticism of NPM
New Public Service
Citizen-centric governance
Democratic administration
3. Comparative Public Administration
Meaning and Scope
Comparative approach
Cross-national studies
Approaches
Institutional approach
Behavioural approach
Ecological approach
Models
Riggs’ fused, prismatic and diffracted models
4. Development Administration
Concept
Meaning of development administration
Development vs administrative development
Characteristics
Goal orientation
Innovation
Participation
Role in Developing Countries
Development planning
Capacity building
Critiques
Problems of development administration
Decline of the concept
5. Organization
Principles of Organization
Hierarchy
Unity of command
Span of control
Authority and responsibility
Coordination
Forms of Organization
Line organization
Staff organization
Line and staff organization
Committee organization
Departmentalization
Functional
Territorial
Process-based
Client-based
6. Administrative Behaviour
Decision Making
Rational decision-making
Incremental decision-making
Mixed scanning model
Communication
Types of communication
Barriers to communication
Improving communication
Leadership
Types of leadership
Leadership styles
Leadership theories
Motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
7. Personnel Administration
Human Resource Management
Recruitment
Selection
Training
Promotion
Performance appraisal
Civil Services
Role of civil services
Merit system
Neutrality and anonymity
Integrity and Ethics
Administrative ethics
Code of conduct
Corruption issues
8. Financial Administration
Budget
Meaning and importance of budget
Types of budget
Budgetary process
Financial Control
Legislative control
Executive control
Audit
Performance Budgeting
Concept
Advantages
Limitations
9. Accountability and Control
Legislative Control
Parliamentary control
Committees
Executive Control
Hierarchical control
Supervision
Judicial Control
Administrative law
Judicial review
Ombudsman
Concept of ombudsman
Lokpal and Lokayuktas
10. Administrative Law
Concept
Meaning of administrative law
Scope of administrative law
Principles
Rule of law
Natural justice
Delegated legislation
11. Public Policy
Policy Process
Policy formulation
Policy implementation
Policy evaluation
Policy Actors
Legislature
Executive
Bureaucracy
Interest groups
Models
Incremental model
Rational model
Mixed scanning
12. Governance
Concept of Governance
Good governance
Democratic governance
E-Governance
Meaning of e-governance
Models of e-governance
Challenges of e-governance
Public–Private Partnership
Concept of PPP
Advantages
Issues
13. Administrative Reforms
Reform Movements
Administrative reforms in developed countries
Administrative reforms in developing countries
Change Management
Resistance to change
Strategies for change
Innovation
Innovation in administration
Best practices
14. Values in Public Administration
Ethical Foundations
Values in public administration
Professional ethics
Transparency
Right to Information
Accountability mechanisms
Citizen-Centric Administration
Service delivery
Grievance redressal
Paper II
UPSC_CSE_OPTIONAL_PUBLIC_ADMINISTRATION_PAPER_II.md
1. Evolution of Indian Administration
Kautilyan Administration
Arthashastra as a source
Concept of kingship
Central and provincial administration
Revenue administration
Judicial administration
Intelligence and espionage
Mughal Administration
Central administration
Mansabdari system
Jagirdari system
Revenue administration (Zabt)
Military administration
Judicial system
British Colonial Administration
East India Company administration
Governor-General system
Centralized bureaucratic structure
Civil services under British rule
Police and judicial administration
Revenue systems
2. Constitutional Framework of Indian Administration
Constitutional Values
Sovereignty
Socialism
Secularism
Democracy
Republic
Parliamentary Democracy
Cabinet system
Collective responsibility
Role of Prime Minister
Federal Structure
Unitary bias
Centre–State relations
Inter-state relations
3. Union Government
Executive
President
Powers and functions
Constitutional position
Discretionary powers
Prime Minister
Role and leadership
Relationship with cabinet
Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)
Council of Ministers
Cabinet
Ministers of State
Collective responsibility
Central Secretariat
Cabinet Secretariat
Ministries and departments
Coordination mechanisms
4. State Government
Governor
Appointment
Powers and functions
Role in state administration
Chief Minister
Position and role
Council of Ministers
State Secretariat
Structure
Functions
Secretariat vs field administration
5. District Administration
District Collector
Role and responsibilities
Revenue administration
Law and order
Development functions
District-Level Institutions
Superintendent of Police
District judiciary
Line departments
Changing Role
Decentralization
Development orientation
6. Local Government
Rural Local Government
Panchayati Raj Institutions
Evolution of PRIs
73rd Constitutional Amendment
Structure of PRIs
Functions and finances
Issues and challenges
Urban Local Government
Municipal Administration
74th Constitutional Amendment
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Functions and finances
Urban governance challenges
7. Civil Services in India
Evolution
From ICS to IAS
Post-independence civil services
Structure
All India Services
Central Services
State Services
Recruitment and Training
UPSC
Training institutions
Capacity building
Role and Functions
Policy formulation
Policy implementation
Service delivery
Issues
Neutrality
Accountability
Political interference
Administrative reforms
8. Public Sector Undertakings
Concept
Meaning of public sector
Rationale for PSU creation
Types of PSUs
Departmental undertakings
Public corporations
Government companies
Performance
Role in development
Efficiency issues
Disinvestment
Disinvestment policy
Privatization debates
9. Control over Administration
Legislative Control
Parliamentary questions
Committees
Financial control
Executive Control
Hierarchical supervision
Performance appraisal
Judicial Control
Judicial review
Administrative tribunals
Ombudsman
Lokpal
Lokayuktas
10. Administrative Reforms in India
Reform Commissions
First Administrative Reforms Commission
Second Administrative Reforms Commission
Recommendations
Citizen-centric administration
Transparency and accountability
Administrative efficiency
Implementation Challenges
Political will
Bureaucratic resistance
11. Financial Administration
Budgetary Process
Preparation of budget
Legislative approval
Execution and audit
Audit
Role of Comptroller and Auditor General
Performance audit
Financial Management
Expenditure control
Fiscal discipline
12. Planning and Development Administration
Planning Machinery
Planning Commission
NITI Aayog
Development Programs
Centrally Sponsored Schemes
State development programs
Role of Administration
Program implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
13. Law and Order Administration
Police Administration
Organization of police
Role in law and order
Police reforms
Criminal Justice System
Investigation
Prosecution
Judiciary
Prison administration
14. Welfare Administration
Social Welfare
Welfare schemes
Targeted delivery
Health Administration
Public health system
Health governance
Education Administration
School education
Higher education governance
15. Regulatory Administration
Regulatory Bodies
Independent regulators
Sectoral regulators
Governance Issues
Autonomy
Accountability
16. E-Governance and Digital Administration
Digital Governance
E-governance initiatives
Digital service delivery
Challenges
Digital divide
Cyber security
Capacity issues
17. Public Policy and Administration
Policy Making
Evidence-based policy
Stakeholder participation
Implementation
Bureaucratic coordination
Inter-agency cooperation
Evaluation
Outcome assessment
Feedback mechanisms
18. Ethics in Indian Administration
Ethical Issues
Corruption
Conflict of interest
Integrity Mechanisms
Codes of conduct
Vigilance bodies
Transparency
Right to Information
Citizen charters
19. Challenges of Indian Administration
Structural Challenges
Centralization
Fragmentation
Functional Challenges
Capacity constraints
Service delivery gaps
Contemporary Issues
Globalization
Climate governance
Crisis management
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